Analyzing Editorial Cartoons: The President's Program
ID: 1963/bx/1/1
Date: 1963
Larger Image: 141.66KB
As students analyze the editorial cartoon, they will
- Understand the context in which the cartoon was drawn
- Discover the basic elements of the cartoon
- Find and interpret the icons that appear in the cartoon
- Identify the cartoonist’s message
- Develop skill in seeing and understanding persuasive techniques used by cartoonists
- Identify qualities of cartooning such as sensory, formal, expressive, technical, and judgmental
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“A cartoon does not tell everything about a subject. It's not supposed to. No written piece tells everything either. As far as words are concerned, there is no safety in numbers. The test of a written or drawn commentary is whether it gets at an essential truth.” “The Cartoon by Herb Block” posted at http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/swann/herblock/cartoon.html |
“Cartooning is an irreverent form of expression, and one particularly suited to scoffing at the high and the mighty. If the prime role of a free press is to serve as critic of government, cartooning is often the cutting edge of that criticism.” “The Cartoon by Herb Block” posted at http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/swann/ |
Historical Context for the Cartoon
Cartoonists often used ships and the sea to depict the relationship between President John Kennedy and other politicians, referring to Kennedy’s World War II service on the PT-109. As president, Kennedy proposed an expansion of federal programs; Republicans objected to the cost. Everett Dirksen, as leader of the Republicans in the Senate, often warned Kennedy about spending too much.
Once, when speaking in the Senate about the space program, Dirksen had this to say: “We are talking about moon shots today. I do not know when we shall put a man on the moon, but we have put the budget on the moon. If we would translate the dollars into silver dollars and lay those silver dollars end to end they would make 50 strings from the earth to the moon. We may not put a man on the moon for awhile, but our budget is there.” [Congressional Record, July 28, 1961, p. 13894. Dirksen Information File, “Government Spending.”]
“The political cartoon is not a news story and not an oil portrait. It's essentially a means for poking fun, for puncturing pomposity.” “The Cartoon by Herb Block” posted at http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/swann/ |
What follows are guidelines for analyzing or interpreting a cartoon. Not all of them will apply to every cartoon, of course.
Visual Elements
- List the objects or people you see in the cartoon. Sometimes cartoonists overdraw, or exaggerate, the physical characteristics of people or things in order to make a point. When you study a cartoon, look for any characteristics that seem overdone or overblown (facial characteristics and clothing are some of the most commonly exaggerated characteristics.) Then, try to decide what point the cartoonist was trying to make through exaggeration.
- Which of the objects on your list are symbols? Cartoonists use simple objects, or symbols, to stand for larger concepts or ideas.
- What do you think each symbol means?
Words (not all cartoons have words)
- Identify the cartoon caption or title.
- Locate three words or phrases used by the cartoonist to identify objects or people within the cartoon. Cartoonists often label objects or people to make it clear exactingly what they stand for. Watch out for the different labels that appear in a cartoon, and ask yourself why the cartoonist chose to label that particular person or object. Does the label make the meaning of the object clearer?
- Record any important dates or numbers that appear in the cartoon.
- Which words or phrases in the cartoon appear to be the most significant?
- List adjectives that describe the emotions portrayed in the cartoon.
Interpretation
- Describe the action taking place in the cartoon.
- Explain how the words in the cartoon clarify the symbols.
- Explain the message of the cartoon.
- What is the cartoonist’s opinion on this issue?
- Who would agree or disagree with the cartoon’s message? Why?
- Did you find this cartoon informative? Why or why not?
- Did you find this cartoon persuasive (not all editorial cartoons are drawn to persuade, however)? Why or why not?
- “Political Cartoons” at
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/qq/rk_intro.htm - “Political Cartoon Analysis” by An Adventure of the American Mind at Eastern Illinois University at http://www.eiu.edu/~eiutps/pca/
- “The State of the Editorial Cartoon,” PS: Political Science & Politics (April 2007) features brief articles and interviews with thirty cartoonists or scholars about the role of editorial cartoons.
- Daryl Cagle, “Of cartoonists and cockroaches,” syndicated column appearing in the Pekin Daily Times, November 1, 2005
- “The Cartoon by Herb Block” at http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/swann/herblock/cartoon.html
- Richard Ostrom, “An Active Learning Strategy for Using Cartoons . . . .” at http://www.isanet.org/noarchive/ostrom.html
- National Archives and Records Administration’s Digital Classroom at www.archives.gov
- Library of Congress’s Cartoon Analysis Guide at http://memory.loc.gov
What were some of the big ticket items in 1961, programs that the president wanted to spend money on? Are there similar battles over spending in Congress today?
Copyright
2007